Abstract (Architectural Institute of Japan) by Kiwamu Maki

Kiwamu MAKI Masao INUI Yoshiki NAKAMURA

Kiwamu MAKI, Masao INUI, Yoshiki NAKAMURA

The objective of this study is to determine how the influences of the items that people take into account when they evaluate streetscapes change depending on the type of street.
1. The three streetscape categories were obtained by interviews: an office area, commercial area, and residential area.
2. Between the evaluation of streetscapes and the two factors of impression results, a constant relationship was observed regardless of the category of street.
3. The influences exerted by colors on evaluation change depending on the characteristics of streetscapes.
These points lead to the conclusion that the streetscape evaluation structure should be described not for each category of street , but according to the characteristics of each streetscape.

Journal of Architectural, Planning and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of Architectural Institute of Japan), No.458, pp.27-33,1994.4

Kiwamu MAKI Masao INUI Yoshiki NAKAMURA

The objective of this study is to determine the contribution of constructs to streetscape evaluation. At first, we tried to find the correlations between constructs and streetscape rating by correlation coefficient or multi-regression equation technique, using the scores on semantic differential scales. Sometimes we found very slight correlation. This means that the first appproach failed to measure the contribution. Considering the cause of this failure, we made two modifications to gain more valid results:
1. because the same construct may or may not be contributing to the rating of a streetscape, its scores should be used only when
it is proved to be contributing, and
2. because there are opposite feelings towards the same construct, scores of such a construct should be divided and counted as positive and negative contributions to streetscape value.
Modified calculation of the contribution of constructs from the experiment data that take the above two points into account has proved successful.

Journal of Architectural, Planning and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of Architectural Institute of Japan), No.468, pp.27-36,1995.2

Kiwamu MAKI, Masao INUI, Yoshiki NAKAMURA

Streetscape evaluation sometimes varies from person to person. The authors have attempted to identify the aspects of the evaluation structure from which this individual variation in evaluation arise, and to ascertain what kind of conditions must be satisfied in order to express the structure of streetscape evaluation in a way that accounts for individual variation. Based on the data assessed by the testees, the authors determined the primary cause of individual difference in streetscape evaluation to be not differences the conventional "attributes of people" or "weighting of assessment parameters", but rather differences in the elements perceived in streetscape, that is, differences in assessment parameters. This fact has lead the authors to conclude that while it is necessary to incorporate individual variation into the relationship between streetscape characteristics and assessment parameters, it is sufficient to incorporate the relationship between assessment parameters and streetscape assessment using elements that are universal to a certain extent.

Journal of Architectural, Planning and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of Architectural Institute of Japan), No.483, pp.55-62,1996.5

Kiwamu MAKI, Tomoe SAWA

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether color, lighting and material interact among each other in affecting the evaluation of an interior's ambience. Experiment 1, in which interior models with varying wall color and lighting were evaluated by subjects, showed that the effects on ambience evaluation of wall color and lighting are essentially independent of each other. Experiment 2, in which wall color, lighting and wall material were changed, demonstrated that wall color and material interact with respect to the parameters "beautiful" and "serene." The parameter "warm," however, showed no interaction among the three factors, and its evaluation was explainable as the linear sum of the effects of wall color, lighting and wall material.

Journal of Architectural, Planning and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of Architectural Institute of Japan), No.516, pp.15-22,1999.2

Kiwamu MAKI　Masao INUI　Yoshiki NAKAMURA

Based on the studies reported on the three published theses the authors have written, a streetscape evaluation structural model, which is named Card Pick up Model, is proposed. This model has three remarkable points which are different from the linear combination model which has been most popular model of evaluation structure.
1. The meaning of constructs expressed on four levels, "influence over evaluation," "character," "situation" and "cognitive feature."
2. The constructs being used for evaluation change dynamically depending on the feature of the streetscape.
3. "Average of utilities rule" is adopted instead of "addition of utilities rule" to calculate the preference.

Journal of Architectural, Environmental Engineering (Transactions of Architectural Institute of Japan), No.568, pp.95-102, 2003.6

Kiwamu MAKI

Twenty-four streetscape slides were rated before and after the two hours VDT task; this experiment was conducted to clarify whether fatigue mediates the streetscape evaluation and whether fatigability can explain the individual difference observed during the evaluation.
The ratings obtained before and after the VDT task were similar with the exception of a slide of an uphill road. This indicates that the influence of fatigue on streetscape evaluation is restricted, even though the influence of virtual behavior is taken into account.
However, two groups of subjects having different levels of fatigability showed a difference in streetscape preference. The fatigable group preferred the small-scale calm images before VDT task and their preference for large-scale urbanscapes was less than that of the nonfatigable group after VDT task.

Keywords: Streetscape, Fatigue, VDT task, Preference, Impression

Journal of Architectural, Planning and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of Architectural Institute of Japan), No.609, pp.79-84, 2006.11

Kiwamu MAKI　 Maya AKAMATSU　Akiko SATAKE

There exist several studies on the visual impressions of material surfaces. However, the results of these studies reveal slight differences with regard to the dimensions of these surfaces. The authors carried out two experiments in which the subjects, situated at four different distances from 20 material surfaces, rated their impressions of the latter. The results indicated that there are three main dimensions regarding the impressions of material surfaces, even though the shifts of impression ratings, which depend on the subjects’ distance from the materials, occur with regard to several material surfaces characterized by brilliance or asperity.

Keywords : Texture, Appearance, Impression, Distance from the watching object

Journal of Architectural, Planning and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of Architectural Institute of Japan), No.614, pp.17-23, 2007.4